Implementing the 3+1C model in dyadic relationships outside of the elite sport domain

Abstract

Developing a high-quality coach-athlete relationship (CAR) has been shown to impact athletes' performance, motivations, and satisfaction. However, there is limited evidence on the implementation of the CAR frameworks (3+1C) into other dyadic relationships (e.g., the boss-employee, teacher-student, leader-follower) outside of the elite sport domain. Implementing the 3+1C framework outside of the elite sport domain has the potential to assist individuals in creating high quality relationships using a well-researched theory. This pilot study used the 3+1C model to explore the impactful qualities found in dyadic relationships outside of the elite level sport domain. Our sample size included 15 participants, 6 male and 9 female, being divided into 3 focus group discussions. Participants were prompted to answer a series of questions, allowing them to share their experiences and opinions as a response. Results showed that leaders who demonstrate closeness, commitment, and complementarity within their relationship. In contrast, disengagement from the coach and an ego-involving climate was seen as negative and detrimental to an individual’s experience and relationship with their leader. Our findings emphasize the significance of educating leaders (e.g., coaches, bosses, instructors, teachers) and hosting organizational interventions that are based on reflection and change, also giving followers autonomy and the ability to communicate their needs and idea. Educating leaders and promoting change amongst their leadership styles has the potential to impact a follower’s motivation, performance, relationship with their leader, and overall well-being.